Commentators have argued that regulatory systems, increasing competition and setting targets are inadequate levers for bringing about the fundamental changes required to respond to the challenges. Instead, they argue that culture change within organisations is fundamental to health services that must adapt to be able to deliver continually improving, high quality and compassionate care. To respond to current and future challenges, organisational cultures in health care must be nurtured in parallel with changes in systems, processes and structures.
The key influence on culture is the leadership of an organization, the subject of this review. But in order to understand the leadership needed in health care, it is important to describe the cultures that we wish the leadership to create. Cultures of high quality care Drawing from research , propose that five key cultural elements are necessary for sustaining cultures that ensure high quality, compassionate care for patients, these include: inspiring visions operationalized at every level is clear, aligned objectives for all teams, departments and individual staff supportive and enabling people management and high levels of staff engagement learning, innovation and quality improvement embedded in the practice of all staff effective team working. To ensure high quality care, there has to be direction, alignment and commitment to a shared, holistic view of care that includes commitment to improving linkages with other providers and to achieving system goals such as continuity of care. This in turn implies alignment across different parts of organizations, different providers and other groups. Ensuring the key cultural elements are in place also requires leadership that creates direction, alignment and commitment in relation to these cultural elements.